Objective Questions

Question. Mammals have ability to produce_____urine
(a) Hypotonic
(b) Hypertonic
(c) Isotonic
(d) Alakaline

Question. In which of the following counter current operates
(a) In ascending limb of loop of henle
(b) In descending limb of loop of henle
(c) In ascending limb of descending limb of vasa recta
(d) Between the 2 limb of henle’s loop and those vasa recta

Question. Which of the following is wrong?
(a) Kidney doesn’t play any significant role in removal of ammonia
(b) Ureotelic animal excrete most of the nitrogenous waste as urea
(c) Ammonia and urea are the waste product derived from the metabolic breakdown of proteins
(d) None of the following

Question. Which of the following group of animals is uricotellic?
(a) Reptiles
(b) Insects
(c) Birds and land snails
(d) All

Question. The medullary gradient is mainly caused by
(a) Urea an K⁺
(b) H⁺ and K⁺
(c) NaCl and urea
(d) Urea and H⁺

Question. Least toxic nitrogenous waste is
(a) NH₃
(b) Urea
(c) Uric acid
(d) NH₃ and urea

Question. Terrestrial organisms must conserve water the least amount of water is lost with the excretion of which nitrogenous waste products
(a) NH₃
(b) Uric acid
(c) Urea
(d) CO₂

Question. Which of the following is correct about protnephridia/flame cells?
(a) Are excretory structures in platyhelminthes, rotifiers and some annelids
(b) Are excretory structures in cephalochoradates e.g. amphioxus
(c) Are primarily concerned with ionic and fluid volume regulation i.e. osmoregulation
(d) All

Question. Uricotelic mode of passing out nitrogenous wastes is found in
(a) reptiles and bird
(b) birds and annelids
(c) amphibians and reptiles
(d) insects and amphibians

Question. Mechanism of uric acid excretion in a nephron is
(a) osmosis
(b) diffusion
(c) ultrafiltration
(d) secretion

Question. Excretion of nitrogenous waste product in semi-solid form occur in
(a) amniotes
(b) desert animals
(c) ureotelic animals
(d) uricotelic animals

Question. The number of nephrons in a kidney is equal to
(a) the number of Bowman’s capsules.
(b) sum of Bowman’s capsules and glomeruli.
(c) double the number of Bowman’s capsules.
(d) sum of Bowman’s capsules and Malpighian corpuscles.

Question. In which part of the excretory system of mammals you can first use the term urine for fluid it contains?
(a) Bowman’s capsule
(b) Loop of Henle
(c) Collecting tubule
(d) Ureter

Question. Blood vessel leading to glomerulus is called
(a) renal artery
(b) renal vein
(c) efferent arteriole
(d) afferent arteriole

Question. The efferent arteriole emerging from the glomerulus forms a fine capillary network around the renal tubule called the ______________.
(a) vasa recta
(b) loop of Henle
(c) collecting duct
(d) peritubular capillaries

Matching Type Questions

Question. Match the excretory functions given in column-I with the parts of the excretory system in column-II. Choose the correct combination from the given options.

Column-I (Function)	Column-II (Parts of excretory systems)
A. Ultra filtration	I. Henle’s loop
B. Concentration of urine	II. Ureter
C. Transport of urine	III. Urinary bladder
D. Storage of urine	IV. Malpighian corpuscle
	V. Proximal convoluted tubule

(a) A – IV; B – I; C – II; D – III
(b) A – IV; B – III; C – II; D – I
(c) A – V; B – IV; C – I; D – III
(d) A – V; B – IV; C – I; D – II

Question. Which of the following parts of the nephron given in column I is correctly matched with their functions given in column II?

Column-I (Parts of the nephron)	Column-II (Functions)
A. Proximal convoluted tubules	I. Sodium is reabsorbed  actively in this region.
B. Distal convoluted tubules	II. Sodium and water are  reabsorbed under the influence of hormone in this region.
C. Descending limb	III. Primary site of glucose and amino acid reabsorption.
D. Ascending limb	IV. Major substance reabsorbed here is water by osmosis.

(a) A – I; B – II; C – III; D – IV
(b) A – IV; B – I; C – II; D – III
(c) A – III; B – IV; C – II; D – I
(d) A – III; B – II; C – IV; D – I

Question. Which of the following is correctly matched with its function of a specific part of a human nephron?
(a) Afferent arteriole – Carries the blood away from the glomerulus towards renal vein.
(b) Podocytes – Create minute spaces (slit pores) for the filtration of blood into the Bowman’s capsule.
(c) Henle’s loop – Reabsorption of the major substances from the glomerular filtrate.
(d) Distal convoluted tubule – Reabsorption of K⁺ ions into the surrounding blood capillaries.

Question. Select the correct match of the types of organs given in column I with their role in excretion given in column II.

Column I (Types of organ)	Column II (Role in excretion)
A. Lungs	I. Secretes bile-containing substances like bilirubin, biliverdin, cholesterol, degraded steroid hormones, vitamins and drugs.
B. Liver	II. Eliminates water and salts in sweat and substances like sterols, hydrocarbons and waxes through sebum.
C. Skin	III. Remove large amounts of CO2 (18 litres/day) and also significant quantities of water every day
D. Kidney	IV. Remove wastes (metabolic by-products) and regulate pH, ion concentration, volume and osmolarity of blood

(a) A – I; B – II; C – III; D – IV
(b) A – II; B – I; C – II; D – IV
(c) A – III; B – I; C – IV; D – II
(d) A – IV; B – IV; C – III; D – I

Critical Thinking Type Questions

Question. Workers in deep mines usually suffer from dehydration because
(a) water is lost due to evaporation.
(b) water is lost due to defecation.
(c) water is lost in the form of urine.
(d) water is lost along with salts in the form of sweat.

Question. Filtration slits are formed by
(a) endothelial lining of glomerular capillaries.
(b) inner epithelium of Bowman’s capsule.
(c) basement membrane.
(d) the participation of all of these.

Question. Ultrafiltration occurs in a glomerulus when
(a) hydrostatic pressure exceeds osmotic pressure.
(b) osmotic pressure exceeds hydrostatic pressure.
(c) capsular hydrostatic pressure exceeds glomerular hydrostatic pressure.
(d) colloidal osmotic pressure plus capsular pressure remain less than glomerular hydrostatic pressure.

Question. In a mammalian kidneys, Bowman’s capsules occur in (i) while loops of Henle are situated in (ii) .
(a) (i) – cortex, (ii) – medulla
(b) (i) – medulla, (ii) – cortex
(c) (i) – cortex, (ii) – pelvis
(d) (i) – pelvis, (ii) – medulla

Question. Diuresis is a condition characterized by
(a) increase in urine volume.
(b) increased glucose excretion.
(c) decrease in urine volume.
(d) decrease in electrolyte balance.

Question. Human urine contains
(a) 95% water, 2.6% urea, 2% salts and some uric acid.
(b) 99% water and 1% urea.
(c) 92% water and 8% salts.
(d) 90% water, 8% uric acid and 2% proteins.

Question. __i___ and ___ii___ carries the waste products.
(a) i- Renal artery, ii- Renal vein
(b) i- Renal vein, ii- Urethra
(c) i- Renal vein, ii- Ureter
(d) i- Renal artery, ii-Ureter

Question. When a person is suffering from poor renal reabsorption, which one of the following will not help in maintenance of blood volume?
(a) increased ADH secretion.
(b) decreased glomerular filtration.
(c) increased arterial pressure in kidneys.
(d) decreased arterial pressure in kidneys.

Question. Through the thick segment of ascending limb of Henle’s loop the
(a) NaCl can pass by active transport from filtrate to the interstitial fluid.
(b) NaCl can pass by passive transport into interstitial fluid.
(c) NaCl cannot pass from the filtrate to interstitial fluid.
(d) Water can pass freely from filtrate to interstitial fluid.