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Revision Notes Chapter 6 Manufacturing Industries Class 10 Social Science

Chapter 6 Manufacturing Industries is an important chapter in Class 10 Social Science. The following notes will help you to understand and easily learn all important points to help you score more marks.

I. Importance of Manufacturing :
A. Manufacturing sector is considered the backbone of development in general and economic development because-

• Manufacturing industries help in modernizing agriculture.
• They reduce the heavy dependence of people on agricultural income by providing them jobs in secondary and tertiary sectors.
• Helps in eradication of unemployment and poverty.
• Helps in bringing down regional disparities by establishing industries in tribal and backward areas.
• Exports of manufactured goods expand trade and commerce and bring much-needed foreign exchange.
• India should convert its raw materials into a wide variety of furnished goods in order to prosper.

B. Agriculture and Industry go hand-in-hand. For example, in agro-industries, agriculture helps industries by providing raw materials and industries provide products such as irrigation pumps, fertilizers, pesticides, etc.

C. We can compete with international markets, if our manufactured products are at par in quality with international products.

II. Contribution of Industry to National Economy:
The desired growth rate for industry is 12 percent in the coming decade. The National Manufacturing Competitiveness Council (NMCC) has been set up with this objective.
Government Policy interventions and renewed efforts by the industry for productivity will help manufacturing achieve its desired growth rate.

III. Industrial Location:
Industries are not found everywhere. They are located at certain places only where they get favourable conditions to thrive. Industrial Location is governed mainly by the following
factors:

• Raw Materials
• Source of Energy
• Source of Water
• Availability of Capital and Finance
• Demand in Market
• Skilled Labourers and Workers
• Banking and Insurance
• Transport and Communication

Many industries come together at urban centres to make use of the advantages. These are known as “agglomeration economies”.
IV. Types or Classification of Manufacturing Industries:

A] On the basis of Raw Materials:
1. Agro Based: Those industries where raw materials come from agriculture, e.g. Cotton, Woolen, Jute, Silk Textiles, Sugar, Tea, Edible Oil
2. Mineral Based: Those industries where minerals are used as raw materials, e.g. Iron & Steel, Cement, Aluminum, Machine Tools etc.

B] On the basis of their Main Role:
1. Basic Industries: Those industries which provide raw material to other industries are called basic industries. These industries help the development of other industries, e.g. Iron
and Steel, Copper and Aluminum Smelting
2. Consumer Industries: Those industries which produce goods for consumers are called consumer industries. Finished goods of these industries are directly sold in the market for
consumers, e.g. Sugar, Toothpaste, Soap, Bread, Paper etc.

C] On the basis of Capital Investment:
1. Small Scale Industries: Those industries where investment of capital is less than Rupees one crore are called as small scale industries, e.g. Mat, Furniture, Toys, Bread, Tools etc.
2. Large Scale Industries: Those industries where investment of capital is more than Rupees one crore are called as large scale industries, e.g. Iron & Steel, Petrochemicals, Cotton
Textiles etc.

D] On the basis of Ownership:
1. Public Sector: These industries are owned, operated and maintained by Govt. e.g. BHEL,SAIL, IISCO
2. Private Sector: These industries are owned, operated and maintained by individual or group of individuals, e.g. TISCO, Bajaj Auto Ltd., etc.
3. Joint Sector: These industries are jointly run by Govt. and group of individuals. It is mixture of public and private sector, e.g. Oil India Ltd. [OIL]. 
4. Cooperative Sector: These industries are owned, operated and maintained by supplier of raw materials and workers of the industries, e.g. Sugar industries in Maharashtra, Coir
industries in Kerala.

E] On the basis of Finished Goods [Output]:
1. Heavy Industries: Those industries which use heavy and bulky raw materials and produce heavy goods in large quantity are called heavy industries, e.g. Iron and Steel, Copper
Smelting.
2. Light Industries: Those industries which use light and small raw materials and produce light goods are called light industries, e.g. Electrical, Toys, Tools, Utensils etc.
V. Agro-Based Industries:

Cotton Textile Industry:

• It is an agro-based and the oldest industry in India.
• First cotton mill was established in 1854 in Mumbai.
• At present, it the largest industry in our country. There are about 1600 cotton textile mills in our country. Cotton textile mills are mainly concentrated in Maharashtra and Gujarat due to favourable conditions. Important centres are Mumbai, Pune, Ahmedabad, Surat, Rajkot etc. Other centres are Agra, Kanpur, Hugli, Chennai, Madurai etc.
• Cotton textile is produced by three methods in India: a) Handloom, b) Power-looms and c) Mills
• Cotton textile industry involves ginning, spinning, weaving, dyeing, designing,tailoring and packaging to produce readymade garments.
• India exports yarn and readymade garments to USA, Japan, UK, France, Nepal, Sri Lanka etc.
• Cotton textile industries are facing many problems such as: a) scarcity of good quality cotton, b) main cotton growing area went to Pakistan, c) old machinery, d) erratic power supply, e) low productivity of labour, f) tough competition from synthetic fibers.

Jute Textiles and its problems:

• India is the largest producer of raw jute and jute goods. There are about 70 jute mills in our country.
• First jute mill was setup in Rishra [Kolkata] in 1859.
• Most of the jute mills are located along Hugli River in West Bengal due to favourable conditions. Jute is used in making rope, bags, carpets etc. Bihar, UP, Assam and Tripura also have jute mills.
• Jute industries are facing problems like: a) main jute producing area went to Bangladesh, b) high production cost, c) declining demand of jute in international market, d) tough competition from synthetic fiber industry.

Jute industries are located mainly along Hooghly River because:

There are 69 jute mills located in a 2 km broad belt along Hooghly River.

This area provides many favourable conditions required for this industry.
a) Raw jute is available for West Bengal. West Bengal is the largest producer of jute.
b) Coal for energy is brought from nearby Raniganj Coalfields.
c) Hooghly River provides water for washing and cleaning jute.
d) Warm and humid climate is very favourable for cultivation of jute.
e) Kolkata is a metro city which provides capital and market.
f) Hooghly River also provides cheap water transport.

Sugar industry:
Earlier UP and Bihar were the main producers of sugarcane. Therefore, most of the sugar mills were located in these two states only. But now, sugar mills are shifting towards
Maharashtra and Karnataka because:

a) Per hectare production of sugarcane is higher in southern India. Black soil is quite suitable for cultivation of sugarcane.

b) Sucrose content in the sugarcane is higher in Maharashtra and Karnataka. It means more sugar can be produced for less sugarcane.

c) Mills and machines are new in southern states. New and modern machines increase the productivity.

d) Crushing season for sugarcane is longer in southern states.

e) Cooperative sugar mills are running successfully in southern states.

VI Mineral Based Industries:

Iron & Steel Industry and its problems:

• This industry is called as basic industry because it provides raw material to many other industries such as machine tools, transport equipment, construction material etc.
• It is also called as heavy industry because raw materials [iron ore, coal, limestone] are bulky in nature.
• Iron ore mixed with limestone is smelted in the blast furnace using coking coal to produce pig iron. The ratio of iron ore, limestone and coking coal used in 4:2:1. Pig
• iron is mixed with manganese, chromium and nickel which make it more stronger steel.
• Most of the steel plants are located in Chotanagpur region due to its favourable conditions.
• Important integrated steel plants are Jamshedpur, Durgapur, Bokaro, Bhilai, Burnpur etc.
• India produces about 33 million tons of steel every year even though per capita consumption of steel is very low i.e. 32 kg. It is low because India has low economic and industrial development.
• Today steel industries in India are facing many problems: a) High cost of production, b) Limited availability of coking coal, c) Low productivity of labour, d) Irregular supply of energy, e) Raw materials are found in a certain pockets of India only, f) Poor infrastructure like transport and communication etc.

Aluminum Smelting:

• It is the second most popular metallurgical industry in India
• The raw material used is a bulky dark reddish rock known as bauxite.
• It is light, corrosion resistant and a good conductor of heat and is malleable.
• It becomes stronger when mixed with other metals.
• It is used to manufacture aircraft, utensils and wires.
• Major sources are located in Orissa, West Bengal, Kerala, UP, Chattisgarh,
• Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu.

Chemical Industry:

• Contributes approximately 3 percent of annual GDP.
• In terms of size, it is the third largest industry in Asia and the twelfth largest in the world.
• Organic and inorganic sectors of the industry are rapidly growing. Organic chemicals include petrochemicals. Inorganic chemicals include sulphuric acid, nitric acid, alkalis, soda ash, caustic soda, etc.

Fertiliser Industry:

• India is the third largest producer of nitrogenous fertilizers.
• Fertiliser industry is centred around the production of nitrogenous fertilisers, phosphatic fertilisers and ammonium phosphate and complex fertilisers. Complex fertilisers have a combination of nitrogen (N), phosphate (P) and potash (K). Potash is Download more materials in free at :
  entirely imported because India does not have any reserves of commercially viable potash or potassium compounds.

VII.Cement Industry:

• Cement industry requires bulky raw materials like limestone, silica, alumina and gypsum.
• There are many cement plants in Gujarat because of proximity to ports.
• There are 128 large and 323 mini cement plants in India.
• Improvement in quality has found the Indian cement a readily available market in East Asia, Middle East, Africa and South Asia. This industry is doing well in terms of production as well as export.

VIII Automobile Industry:

• After liberalisation, many automobile manufacturers set their base in India.
• At present, there are 15 manufacturers of cars and multi-utility vehicles, 9 of commercial vehicles, 14 of two and three-wheelers.
• Delhi, Gurgaon, Mumbai, Pune, Chennai, Kolkata, Lucknow, Indore, Hyderabad,Jamshedpur, Bangalore, Sanand, Pantnagar, etc. are the major centres of automobile industry. IX Information Technology and Electronics Industry:
• Bangalore is often termed as the electronic capital of India. Mumbai, Pune, Delhi, Hyderabad, Chennai, Kolkata, Lucknow and Coimbatore are the other important centres. There are 18 software technology parks in the country and they provide single window service and high data communication to software experts.
• This industry had generated a large number of employment. Upto 31 March 2005, over one million persons were employed in the IT industry. Because of fast growth of BPO (Business Process Outsourcing); this sector has been a major earner of foreign exchange.

X Industrial Pollution and Environmental Degradation:

a) Air pollution is caused by the emission of CO2, Carbon Monoxide, Sulphur Dioxide etc.
Chimneys of the industries produce heat leading to Global Warming and Green House Effect.
The use of CFC in various industrial products depletes ozone layer which filters ultraviolet rays of the sun.

b) Dumping of organic and inorganic industrial waste into water bodies pollutes the water.
Industries which produce paper, pulp, chemical, leather, acids, dyes, fertilizers etc generate lots of toxic waste which kills the aquatic life.

c) High intensity sound generated by running machines, sirens, drilling, fans etc leads to noise pollution. It causes irritation, hearing impairment, heart attack etc. among the nearby
residents.

d) Mining activity to get raw material for industries also degrades the environment. Land degradation, deforestation, soil erosion, water logging etc. are the results of mining activities.

XI Measurement [Methods] for Controlling Environmental Pollution and Degradation:

a) Industries should be located with careful planning and better design.

b) Quantity of smoke can be reduced by using oil instead of coal.

c) Non-conventional sources of energy should be used instead of fossil fuels.

d) Modern equipment should be used which controls, filters and separates harmful materials from the waste.

e) Waste water should be properly treated before discharging into rivers.

f) Land filling method should be adopted for dumping of waste.

g) Polluting industries should be located away from towns and cities.

OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS

Question. Find the incorrect option from the following:
(a) Agriculture and industry are not exclusive of each other.
(b) They move away from each other.
(c) The agro industries in India have given a major boost to agriculture by raising its productivity.
(d) They depend on the latter for raw materials and to sell their products.
Answer : Option (b) is correct.

Question. How to make a garment? Arrange the following in the correct sequence:
(i) Weaving or knitting of fabric
(ii) Manufacturing of garment (stitching)
(iii) Spinning of yarn
(iv) Dyeing and finishing of garment
Options:
(a) (iii) – (iv) – (i) – (ii)
(b) (iv) – (iii) – (ii) – (i)
(c) (iii) – (i) – (iv) – (ii)
(d) (i) – (iv) – (ii) – (iii)
Answer : Option (c) is correct.

Question. Analyze the information given below, considering one of the following correct options:
It not only results in irritation and anger. It can also cause hearing impairment, increased heart rate and blood pressure among other physiological effects. Unwanted sound is an irritant and a source of stress.
(a) Water Pollution
(b) Noise Pollution
(c) Air Pollution
(d) Soil Pollution
Answer : Option (b) is correct.

Question. How to manufacture Steel? Arrange the following in the correct sequence:
(i) Pig iron
(ii) Blast furnace
(iii) Shaping metal
(iv) Steel making
Options:
(a) (ii) – (i) – (iv) – (iii)
(b) (iii) – (i) – (iv) – (ii)
(c) (i) – (iv) – (ii) – (iii)
(d) (ii) – (iii) – (iv) – (i)
Answer : Option (a) is correct.

Question. Find the incorrect option from the following:
(a) We have a large share in the world trade of cotton yarn.
(b) Our spinning mills are competitive at the global level and capable of using all the fibres we produce.
(c) The weaving, knitting and processing units can use much of the high quality yarn that is produced in the country.
(d) There are some large and modern factories in these segments.
Answer : Option (c) is correct.

Question. Identify the process in sequence for the shaping of Steel:
(i) Forging
(ii) Pressing
(iii) Casting
(iv) Rolling
Options:
(a) (i) – (iv) – (ii) – (iii)
(b) (iv) – (ii) – (iii) – (i)
(c) (iii) – (i) – (iv) – (ii)
(d) (ii) – (i) – (iii) – (iv)
Answer : Option (b) is correct.

Question.

(a) (i)-(b), (ii)-(a), (iii)-(d), (iv)-(c)
(b) (i)-(c), (ii)-(d), (iii)-(b), (iv)-(a)
(c) (i)-(d), (ii)-(c), (iii)-(b), (iv)-(a)
(d) (i)-(a), (ii)-(b), (iii)-(c), (iv)-(d)
Answer : Option (b) is correct.

Question. On what basis is the industrial sector classified into Public and Private Sectors?
(a) Employment conditions
(b) The nature of economic activity
(c) Ownership of enterprises
(d) Number of workers employed in the enterprise
Answer : Option (c) is correct.

Question. Which of the two steel plants are in collaboration with Russia?
(a) Bhadravati and Salem
(b) Bokaro and Jamshedpur
(c) Burnpur and Durgapur
(d) Bhilai and Bokaro
Answer : Option (d) is correct.

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question. Which industry, due to its seasonal nature, is ideally suited to the cooperative sector?
Answer : Sugar Industry.

Question. What is the importance of the Information Technology sector for the Indian economy? Explain.
Answer : The importance of IT sector is as follows:
(i) It has provided employment to over one million people.
(ii) This Industry is said to be a major Foreign Exchange earner.
(iii) It has helped in the growth of the Service Sector.

Question. Describe the various physical and human factors responsible for the location of Industries.
Answer : 
(i) Physical Factors:
(a) Availability of raw materials–Ideal location should be near the sources of raw materials.
(b) Power resources–Power resources like coal and electricity must be available for the industry.
(ii) Human Factors:
(a) Cheap and efficient labour.
(b) Capital and bank facilities.

Question. Why is Cotton Textile Industry the largest industry in India today?
Answer : (i) Cotton Textile Industry contributes 14 per cent of the total industrial production.
(ii) It provides employment to 35 million persons directly – the second largest after Agriculture.

Question. Why is Iron and Steel Industry called a basic Industry? Explain.
Answer : Iron and steel Industry is the Basic Industry as:
(i) All the other industries depend on it for their machinery.
(ii) Steel is needed to manufacture a variety of engineering goods.

Question. Name two most important sugar producing states in India.
Answer : Uttar Pradesh and Maharashtra.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question. Distinguish between Integrated Steel Plants and Mini Steel Plants, stating three points of distinction.
Answer : (i) An Integrated Steel Plant is larger than a Mini Steel Plant.
(ii) Mini Steel Plant uses steel scrap and sponge iron while integrated steel plant uses basic raw materials, i.e., iron ore for making steel.
(iii) Mini steel plant produces mild and alloy steel while integrated steel plant produces only steel.

Question. Classify industries on the basis of their main role. How are they different from each other?
Answer : Classification according to their main role:
(i) Basic or key industries which supply their products or raw materials to manufacture other goods, e.g., iron and steel, copper smelting, aluminium smelting.
(ii) Consumer industries that produce goods for direct use by consumers sugar, toothpaste, paper, sewing machines, fans, etc.

Question. Classify Industries on the basis of ownership and give one example of each category.
Answer : Classification of Industries on the basis of ownership:

Question. How has the ever increasing number of industries in India made position worse by exerting pressure on existing fresh water resources? Explain.
Answer : Increasing number of industries exerting pressure on Fresh water resources:
(i) Industries are heavy users of water.
(ii) More demand of hydroelectric power.
(iii) Industrial wastes and effluents are discharged into rivers causing Water pollution.
(iv) Multiplying urban centres, due to Industries, has caused pressure on water resources.

Question. Describe any three major problems faced by the weaving and processing sectors in Cotton Textile Industry.
OR
Describe any three major problems faced by Cotton Textile Industry in India.
Answer : Three major problems faced by Cotton Textile in India are:
(i) The weaving knitting and processing units cannot use much of the high quality yarn that is produced in the country.
(ii) There are some large and modern factories in those segments but most of the production is in fragmented small units which cater to the local market. This mismatch is a major drawback for the Industry.
(iii) Power supply is erratic and machinery needs to be upgraded in the weaving and processing sectors in particular.
(iv) Low output of labour and stiff competition with synthetic fibre Industry.

Question. Examine the impacts of Liberalisation on Automobile Industry of India.
Answer : Impacts of Liberalisation on Automobile Industry are:
(i) Multi-utility vehicles have been introduced.
(ii) The coming of new and contemporary models.
(iii) Healthy growth of the market.
(iv) FDI in new technology.
(v) Aligned the industry with global development.
(vi) Industry has experienced a quantum jump.

Question. ”Agriculture gives boost to the Industrial Sector.” Support the statement with arguments.
Answer : Agriculture gives boost to the Industrial Sector:
(i) Agriculture provides raw material to Industries.
(ii) Agriculture provides market for Industrial products.
(iii) Agriculture helps boost new Industrial products.
(iv) The industries such as cotton, jute, silk, woollen textiles, sugar and edible oil, etc., are based on agricultural raw materials.

Question. Explain any three factors which were responsible for the concentration of Cotton Textile Industry in Maharashtra and Gujarat in early years.
Answer : (i) Availability of raw cotton.
(ii) Ready markets are available.
(iii) Well-developed means of transportation.
(iv) Abundant skilled and unskilled labour at cheap rate.

Question. Suggest any three measures to minimize the Environment Degradation by Industries in India.
OR
Suggest any three steps to minimize the Environmental degradation caused by the Industrial development in India.
Answer : Three steps to minimize the environmental degradation caused by industrial development in India are:
(i) Minimizing use of water for processing by reusing and recycling it in two or more successive stages.
(ii) Harvesting of rainwater to meet water requirements.
(iii) Treating hot water and effluents before releasing them in rivers and ponds.
(iv) Particulate matter in the air can be reduced by fitting smoke stacks to factories with electrostatic precipitators, fabric filters, scrubbers and inertial separators.
(v) Smoke can be reduced by using oil or gas instead of coal in factories.

Question. Why is Cotton Textile Industry the largest Industry in India today? Give any three reasons.
Answer : (i) Cotton Textile Industry contributes 14 per cent of the total Industrial Production.
(ii) It provides employment to 35 million persons directly – the Second largest after Agriculture.
(iii) It earns Foreign Exchange of about 24.6 per cent (4 per cent of GDP).

Question. Classify industries on the basis of capital investment. How are they different from one another? Explain with examples.
Answer : (i) Classification of the industries on the basis of capital investment:
(a) Small scale industry
(b) Large scale industry
(ii) Difference:
If the investment is more than one crore in any industry, it is considered as a large scale industry. For example, Iron and Steel Industry/Cement industry (any other relevant example). When the investment is less than one crore in an industry, it is considered as a small scale industry, e.g., Plastic Industry, Toy Industry, etc.

Question. Why are we not able to perform to our full potential in the production of Iron and Steel in India? Explain any three reasons.
OR
”India is an important Iron and Steel producing country in the World. Yet we are not able to perform to our full potential.” Suggest and explain any three measures to get full potential.
Answer : India is an important iron and steel producing country in the world, yet we are not able to perform to our full potential largely due to:
(i) High costs and limited availability of cooking coal.
(ii) Lower productivity of labour.
(iii) Irregular supply of power.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question. Why are maximum Jute Textile Mills located in the Hugli Basin?
OR
Explain any five factors that are responsible for the location of the ‘Jute Mills’ mainly along the banks of the ‘Hugli River’.
OR
Evaluate the factors which are responsible for the location of Jute Industry in West Bengal.
OR
Describe any five factors responsible for the concentration of Jute Mills along the banks of the Hugli river.
Answer : Factors responsible for the location of the Jute Mills in Hugli Basin:
(i) Proximity of jute producing areas.
(ii) Cheap water transport supported by a good network.
(iii) Water transport is supported by good network of railways and roadways.
(iv) Abundant water for processing raw jute.
(v) Availability of cheap labour.
(vi) Kolkata port facility is available.
(vii) Insurance and banking facilities are also available.

Question. Explain with examples any five factors that are responsible for Industrial location.
Answer : The location of Industries depends on a number of physical and socio-economic factors among which following are the major ones:
(i) Availability of raw material: Large quantities of raw materials are needed for Industries. Therefore, industries are located near the source of raw materials. It saves the cost of transportation. Steel centres are developed where coal and iron are easily available. Jute mills in West Bengal and the cotton textile mills in Maharashtra are located due to the availability of raw materials.
(ii) Availability of power resources: Coal, oil and hydro power are the main sources of power. Most of the industries are located near coal fields. Aluminium industries and paper industries are located near hydroelectric stations.
(iii) Availability of means of transportation: Modern industries need cheap, developed and quick means of transportation. Cheap means of transportation are required for the movement of workers, raw materials and machinery to the factories.
(iv) Climate: Stimulating climate increases the efficiency of the labourers. The Cotton textile Industry requires humid climate. The Film Industry needs good weather with clear blue skies. Similarly, the Aircraft Industry also needs clear weather.
(v) Availability of skilled labour: Cheap and skilled labour is essential for the location of industries. Glass Industry at Firozabad and the Sports Goods Industry in Jalandhar are located due to the availability of skilled labour.

Question. Explain any five factors that are responsible for concentration of ‘Iron and Steel’ Industries mainly in ‘Chota Nagpur Plateau Region’.
Answer : The factors responsible for the concentration of Iron and Steel Industries in and around the ‘Chota Nagpur Plateau Region’ are as follows:
(i) Low cost of iron ore. Iron Mines are located in the nearby areas.
(ii) High grade raw materials in proximity and other bulky raw materials like, coking coal, limestone are also available in proximity.
(iii) From the adjoining areas of Bihar, Jharkhand and Odisha, cheap labour is available in abundance.
(iv) This region is well connected with roadways and railways that help in the swift movement of raw materials and finished goods to the industry and market areas, respectively.
(v) Kolkata is a well developed port that is near to this area.

Question. What is the Manufacturing Sector? Why is it considered as the backbone of development? Interpret the reason.
Answer : Manufacturing Sector: Production of goods in large quantities after processing from raw materials to more valuable products is called manufacturing. For example: paper is manufactured from wood, sugar from sugarcane and aluminium from bauxite.
Four types of manufacturing sector on the basis of ownership are:
(i) Public sector owned by government agencies. For example: BHEL, SAIL, etc.
(ii) Private sector owned by individuals or a group of individuals. For example: TISCO, Bajaj Auto Ltd., Dabur Industries, etc.
(iii) Joint sector jointly owned by the state and individuals. For example: Oil India Ltd, etc.
(iv) Cooperative sector is owned and operated by the producers or suppliers of raw materials, workers or both. For example: AMUL, Mother Dairy, etc.

Question. Explain any five measures to control Industrial Pollution in India.
Answer : Five ways to reduce industrial pollution are listed below as:
(i) Restructuring the manufacturing processes to reduce or eliminate pollutants, through a process called pollution prevention.
(ii) Creating cooling ponds, which are man-made and are designed to cool the heated water from industries by evaporation, condensation and radiation.
(iii) Filtration of sewage in water treatment plants attached to Industries.
(iv) Instructing Industries to be set up far from residential areas.
(v) Backing the constitutional provisions by a number of laws − acts, rules and notifications.

Question. Explain any two main challenges faced by the Jute Industry in India. Explain any three objectives of National Jute Policy.
Answer : (i) Following are the challenges faced by Jute Industries in India:
(a) Prices for jute textiles are so low that industrialists
hesitate to set up these industries.
(b) International demand of jute goods is falling sharply which is not an encouragement for these Industries.
(ii) The government has taken the following steps to boost Jute production:
– The Government has made it compulsory in the country to use Jute Packaging.
– In 2005, our government formulated the National Jute policy with the following aims:
(a) To expand production
(b) To enhance quality
(c) To provide good prices to the farmers
(d) To enhance yield per hectare
(iii) With the increased awareness about environmental degradation, many state governments have also banned the use of plastic bags and recommended jute or paper bags.

Question.Explain the pro-active approach adopted by the National Thermal Power Corporation (NTPC) for preserving the natural environment and resources.
Answer : The pro-active approach adopted by the National Thermal Power Corporation (NTPC) for preserving the natural environment is as follows:
1. Optimum utilisation of equipment adopting latest techniques and upgrading existing equipment.
2. Minimising waste generation by maximising ash utilisation.
3. Providing green belts for nurturing ecological balance and addressing the question of special purpose vehicles for afforestation.
4. Reducing environmental pollution through ash pond management, ash water recycling system and liquid waste management.
5. Ecological monitoring, reviews and online database management for all its power stations.

Question. Why are Sugar Mills concentrated in Sugarcane producing areas? Explain any three problems faced by Sugar Industry in India.
Answer : The Sugar Mills in India are usually concentrated in sugarcane producing areas in the southern and western states, especially in Maharashtra because:
(i) The cane produced in these areas has high sucrose content.
(ii) The Sugar Industry is seasonal in nature and therefore a cooler climate ensures longer crushing season.
(iii) The raw-material used in Sugar Industry is bulky. Sucrose contents reduce if there is a delay in haulage.
Challenges:
(i) Uncertain Production Output: Sugarcane has to compete with several other food and cash crops like cotton, oil seeds, rice, etc. This affects the supply of sugarcane to the mills and the production of sugar also varies from year to year causing fluctuations in prices leading to losses in times of excess production due to low prices.
(ii) Low Yield of Sugarcane: India’s yield per hectare is extremely low as compared to some of the major sugarcane producing countries of the world. For example, India’s yield is only 64.5 tonnes/hectare as compared to 90 tonnes in Java and 121 tonnes in Hawaii.
(iii) Short crushing season: Sugar production is a seasonal industry with a short crushing season varying normally from 4 to 7 months in a year. It causes financial loss and seasonal employment for workers and lack of full utilization of Sugar Mills.
(iv) Low Sugar recovery rate: The average rate of recovery of sugar from sugarcane in India is less than ten per cent which is quite low as compared to other major sugar producing countries.
(v) High Production Cost: High cost of Sugarcane, inefficient technology, uneconomic process of production and heavy excise duty result in high cost of manufacturing. Most of the sugar mills in India are of small size with a capacity of 1,000 to 1,500 tons per day thus, failing to take advantage of economies of scale.

Question. Explain the ways through which the Industrial Pollution of fresh water can be reduced.
OR
How can the Industrial Pollution of fresh water be reduced? Explain various ways.
Answer : The ways through which the Industrial Pollution of fresh water can be reduced are:
(i) Treated waste water can be recycled for reuse in Industrial processes.
(ii) Harvesting of rain water to meet water requirement for Industrial process.
(iii) Treating hot and polluted waste water from industries before releasing it into our rivers and lakes.
(iv) Installing water treatment plants at the Industrial sites for Recycling.
(v) Legal provisions must be made to regulate the use of groundwater for Industrial use.

Question. Why was the Cotton Textile Industry concentrated in the cotton growing belt in the early years? Explain.
Answer : Cotton Textile Industry was concentrated in the Cotton growing belt in the early years because of:
(i) Availability of raw cotton- e.g. belt of Maharashtra and Gujarat
(ii) Proximity to market
(iii) Transport
(iv) Port facilities
(v) Cheap labour
(vi) Moist climate

Question. How are Industries responsible for environmental Degradation in India? Explain with examples.
Answer : Industries are responsible for environmental Degradation in India in the following ways:
1. Pollution of land, water and air from industries causes Environmental degradation.
2. Burning of fossil fuels in big and small factories emit smoke in the air.
3. Organic and inorganic industrial wastes and effluents are discharged into rivers.
4. Dumping of wastes from industries render the soil useless.
5. Rain water carrying pollutants from wastes dumped by industries percolates and contaminates the ground water.

Question. Why is the economic strength of a country measured by the development of Manufacturing Industries? Explain with examples.
OR
Analyse the role of the manufacturing Sector in the Economic Development of India.
OR
“The economic strength of a country is measured by the development of Manufacturing industries.” Support the statement with arguments.
Answer : The economic development of a country is measured by the development of Manufacturing industries in the following ways:
(i) Manufacturing Industries help in modernising agriculture which forms the backbone of our economy.
(ii) They reduce the heavy dependence of people on agricultural income by providing them jobs in Secondary and Tertiary Sectors.
(iii) Industrial development is a pre-condition for the eradication of unemployment and poverty from our country.
(iv) Manufacturing activities expand Trade and Commerce.
(v) Exports bring in much needed Foreign Exchange.
(vi) Manufacturing is the process of value addition.
(vii) It also brings down regional disparities by establishing industries in tribal and backward areas.
(viii) It increases the GDP/ National Income of the country.

Question. Explain five types of ‘Industrial Pollution.’
Answer : Five types of industrial pollution are:
(i) Air Pollution: It is caused by the presence of high proportion of undesirable gases, such as sulphur dioxide and carbon monoxide. It adversely affects human health, animals, plants, buildings and the atmosphere as a whole.
(ii) Water Pollution: It is caused by organic and inorganic industrial wastes and effluents discharged into rivers. It affects every level of the ecosystem, including human health.
(iii) Soil Pollution: It is caused by dumping of wastes, specially glass, harmful chemicals, industrial effluents, packaging, salts and garbage. It renders the soil useless. When rainwater percolates to the soil carrying the pollutants to the ground, the ground water also gets contaminated.
(iv) Thermal Pollution: It occurs when hot water from factories and thermal power plants is drained into rivers and ponds before cooling.
(v) Noise Pollution: It is caused by industrial and construction activities, machinery, factory equipment, generators, saws and pneumatic and electric drills. It not only results in irritation and anger, but also causes hearing impairment, increased heart rate and blood pressure among other physiological effects.

Question. ‘The challenge of sustainable development requires control over Industrial Pollution.’ Substantiate the statement with examples.
Answer : (i) On one hand, industries lead to extensive industrial growth and expansion but on the other hand, these are also the cause of environmental degradation which prompt to the different types of air and Water Pollution.
(ii) There is an increasing requirement to adopt a further sustainable model.
(iii) Industries must produce eco-friendly products and dump wastes responsibly.
(iv) Use of latest technology can help industries to control pollution and lead towards sustainable mode of operation.
(v) Industries use – Reuse-Recycle-Refuse approach.
(vi) Treatment of hot water and effluents before releasing them in rivers and ponds should be done. There should be no thermal plants in the cities.

III. Read the text given below and answer the questions that follow:

Every litre of waste water discharged by our industry pollutes eight times the quantity of fresh water. How can the industrial pollution of fresh water be reduced? Some suggestions are:
• Minimising the use of water for processing by reusing and recycling it in two or more successive stages.
• Harvesting of rainwater to meet water requirements.
• Treating hot water and effluents before releasing them in rivers and ponds. Treatment of industrial effluents can be done in three phases.
• Primary treatment by mechanical means: It involves screening, grinding, flocculation and sedimentation.
• Secondary treatment by biological process.
• Tertiary treatment by biological, chemical and physical processes. This involves recycling of waste water.
Overdrawing of groundwater reserves by industry where there is a threat to groundwater resources also needs to be regulated legally. Particulate matter in the air can be reduced by fitting smoke stacks to factories with electrostatic precipitators, fabric filters, scrubbers and inertial separators. Smoke can be reduced by using oil or gas instead of coal in factories. Machinery and equipment can be used and generators should be fitted with silencers. Almost all machinery can be redesigned to increase energy efficiency and reduce noise. Noise absorbing material may be used apart from personal use of earplugs and earphones.
The challenge of sustainable development requires integration of economic development with environmental concerns.

Answer the following MCQs by choosing the most appropriate option:

1. How many treatments are there for industrial effluents?
(a) 3
(b) 2
(c) 5
(d) 4
Answer : Option (a) is correct.

2. What could be done to reduce pollution of machinery and equipment?
(a) Stop the use of machinery
(b) Use generators fitted with silencers
(c) Use manual labour
(d) None of the above
Answer : Option (b) is correct.

3. The challenge of sustainable development requires integration of economic development with _________ concerns.
(a) social
(b) cultural
(c) environmental
(d) political
Answer : Option (c) is correct.

4. ________ treatment involves biological, chemical and physical processes.
(a) Primary
(b) Secondary
(c) Tertiary
(d) None of the above
Answer : Option (c) is correct.

IV. Read the text given below and answer the questions that follow:

In ancient India, cotton textiles were produced with hand spinning and handloom weaving techniques. After the 18th century, power-looms came into use. Our traditional industries suffered a setback during the colonial period because they could not compete with the mill-made cloth from England.
In the early years, the cotton textile industry was concentrated in the cotton growing belt of Maharashtra and Gujarat. Availability of raw cotton, market, transport including accessible port facilities, labour, moist climate, etc., contributed towards its localisation. This industry has close links with agriculture and provides a living to farmers, cotton ball pluckers and workers engaged in ginning, spinning, weaving, dyeing, designing, packaging, tailoring and sewing. The industry by creating demands supports many other industries, such as, chemicals and dyes, packaging materials and engineering works.
While spinning continues to be centralised in Maharashtra, Gujarat and Tamil Nadu, weaving is highly decentralised to provide scope for incorporating traditional skills and designs of weaving in cotton, silk, zari, embroidery, etc. India has world class production in spinning, but weaving supplies low quality of fabric as it cannot use much of the high-quality yarn produced in the country. Weaving is done by handloom, power loom and in mills.
The handspun khadi provides large scale employment to weavers in their homes as a cottage industry.

Answer the following MCQs by choosing the most appropriate option:

1. Why did our Traditional Industries suffer a setback during the Colonial Period?
(a) No machines were available.
(b) They could not compete with the mill-made cloth from England.
(c) They lacked knowledge.
(d) They had no motivation to compete.
Answer : Option (b) is correct.

2. The handspun khadi provides large scale employment to weavers in their homes as a industry.
(a) Cottage
(b) Primary
(c) Secondary
(d) Basic
Answer : Option (a) is correct.

2. The handspun khadi provides large scale employment to weavers in their homes as a _____ industry.
(a) Cottage
(b) Primary
(c) Secondary
(d) Basic
Answer : Option (a) is correct.

3. Availability of raw cotton, market, transport including accessible port facilities, labour, moist climate, etc., contributed towards its localisation.
(a) False
(b) True
(c) Some what true
(d) Not sure
Answer : Option (b) is correct.

4. Weaving is done by:
(a) Hand loom
(b) Power loom
(c) Mills
(d) All of these
Answer : Option (d) is correct.

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