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Chapter 1 The Rise of Nationalism in Europe Class 10 Social Science Exam Question

All questions and answers provided below for Exam Question Class 10 Social Science Chapter 1 The Rise of Nationalism in Europe are very important and should be revised daily.

Exam Question Class 10 Social Science Chapter 1 The Rise of Nationalism in Europe

Objective Type Questions

Question. What did the crown of oak leaves symbolize?
(a) Courage
(b) Heroism
(c) Peace
(d) Tolerance
Answer : (b) Heroism

Question. Which one of the countries is considered as the ‘cradle of civilisation’?
(a) England
(b) Greece
(c) France
(d) Russia
Answer : (b) Greece

Question. Which one of the following statements is false regarding the Act of Union 1707 ?
(a) It was an agreement between England and Scotland
(b) It was an agreement between England and Ireland
(c) It resulted in the formation of the ‘United Kingdom of Great Britian’.
(d) It gave England control over Scotland
Answer : (b) It was an agreement between Ireland England and Ireland

Question. Why did the Frankfurt Parliament fail to achieve its goal?
(a) Women were excluded from the membership
(b) Did not have the support of the peasants
(c) Friedrich Wilhelm IV refused to accept the crown and opposed the assembly.
(d) None of the above
Answer : (c) Friedrich Wilhelm IV refused to accept the crown and opposed the assembly.

Question. Zollverin started in 1834 in Prussia refers to a-
(a) Trade Union
(b) Customs Union
(c) Labour Union
(d) Farmer Union
Answer : (b) Customs Union

Question. Who among the following formed the secret society called ‘Young Italy’?
(a) Otto von Bismarck
(b) Giuseppe Mazzini
(c) Metternich
(d) Johann Gottfried Herder
Answer : (b) Giuseppe Mazzini

Question. Who among the following was proclaimed the first King of United Italy?
(a) Nicholas II
(b) King George II
(c) Wilhelm IV
(d) Victor Emmanuel II
Answer : (d) Victor Emmanuel II

Question. Which of the following is an allegory/attribute for ‘liberty’?
(a) Crown of Oak
(b) Red Cap
(c) Olive Branch
(d) Sword
Answer : (b) Red Cap

Question. Who among the following, hosted the Congress at Vienna is 1815?
(a) King of Netherlands
(b) Giuseppe Mazzini
(c) Duke Metternich
(d) Otto Von Bismarck
Answer : (c) Duke Metternich

Question. At which of the following places was the Frankfurt Assembly convened?
(a) At the church of St. Paul
(b) At the church of St. Peters
(c) At the palace of Prussia
(d) At the Hall of Mirrors in the palace of Versailles
Answer : (a) At the church of St. Paul

Question. Which of the following best explain Utopian society?
(a) A society where everybody is equal
(b) A democratic society
(c) An idealist society which can never be achieved
(d) A society with a comprehensive Constitution
Answer : (c) An idealist society which can never be achieved

Question. The Ottoman Empire was ruled by the emperor of:
(a) Turkey
(b) Russia
(c) Britain
(d) Prussia
Answer : (a) Turkey

Question. A large number of people were hostile to the Napoleonic Code because:
(a) It was not suitable for all
(b) It destroyed the special privileges of the rulers
(c) Administrative changes did not go hand-in-hand with political freedom
(d) None of the above
Answer : (c) Administrative changes did not go hand-in-hand with political freedom

Short Answer Type Question

Question. Name the female allegory who represents France. Describe her main characteristics.
Answer : Marianne was the female allegory who represented France.
Her characteristics were drawn from:
(i) Those of liberty and republic.
(ii) These were the red cap, the tricolour, the cockade.
(iii) Statues of Marianne were erected in public squares to remind the public of the national symbol of unity and to persuade them to identify with it.
(iv) Her images were marked on coins and stamps of 1850.

Question. What were the effects of revolutionary upheaval in France in 1830 ?
Answer : The effects of revolutionary upheaval in France in 1830 were:
(i) The Bourbon dynasty, which was restored in 1815, was overthrown by liberal revolutionaries.
(ii) A constitutional monarchy was installed with Louis Philippe as its head.
(iii) An uprising was seen in Brussels, which led to Belgium breaking away from the United Kingdom of the Netherlands.

Question. Describe any three steps taken by French revolutionaries to create a sense of collective identity among the French people?
OR
What steps did the French revolutionaries take to create a sense of collective identity among the French people?
Answer : (i) The ideas of la patrie (the fatherland) and le citoyen (the citizen) were emphasised the notion of a united community enjoying equal rights under a constitution.
(ii) A new French flag, the tricolour, was chosen to replace the former royal standard.
(iii) The Estates General was elected by the body of active citizens and renamed the National Assembly.

Question. Describe the events of French Revolution which had influenced the people belonging to other parts of Europe.
Answer : The events of French Revolution which had influenced the people belonging to other parts of Europe:
(i) Students and other members of educated middle class began to set up Jacobin clubs.
(ii) Their activities and campaigns paved the way for the French armies which moved into Holland, Belgium , Switzerland and large parts of Italy.
(iii) Due to the outbreak of various revolutionary wars the French armies began to carry the idea of nationalism abroad. Thus, a sense of collective identity was brought in.

Question. Define the term ‘Romanticism’. How did it facilitate the promotion of nationalist sentiment?
OR
How did romanticism pave the way for nationalism in Europe? Explain.
Answer : Romanticism was a movement in the arts and literature, which originated in the late 18th century, emphasizing inspiration, subjectivity and the primacy of the individual.
(i) Critical approach towards reason and science: Romantic artists criticised the glorification of reason and science and focused on emotions, intuitions and mystical feelings.
(ii) Folk culture as the spirit of the nation: Johann Gottfried Herder claimed that through folk songs, folk poetry and folk dances, the true spirit of the nation could be popularized.
(iii) Emphasis on vernacular language: They gave emphasis on vernacular language to recover not only the ancient national spirit but also to carry the modern nationalist message to a large audience who were mostly illiterate.

Question. Briefly describe the process of German unification.
OR
Briefly trace the process of German unification.
Answer : (i) In the 1800s, nationalist feelings were strong in the hearts of the middle-class Germans.
(ii) During the Vienna Congress in 1815, Germany was identified as a loose confederation of 39 states.
(iii) They united in 1848 to create a nation-state out of the numerous German states.
(iv) Prussia soon became the leader of German unification movement.
(v) Chief Minister of Prussia Otto von Bismarck was the architect of the process with support from Prussian army and Prussian bureaucracy.
(vi) The unification process was completed after Prussia won wars with Austria, Denmark and France over a time period of seven years.
(vii) In January 1871, the Prussian King, William I, was proclaimed the German Emperor in a ceremony held at Versailles.

Question. Describe the ideology of liberalism during early 19th century.
Answer : (i) Liberalism in the early 19th century stood for freedom for the individual and equality to all before law for the new middle classes.
(ii) Politically, it emphasised the concept of government by consent.
(iii) It stood for the end of autocracy and clerical privileges.

Question. How was the ideology of liberalism allied with National Unity in early 19th century in Europe? Explain in three points.
Answer : The ideology of liberalism allied with nationalism in the following ways :
(i) Liberalism stood for freedom for the individual and equality of all before law.
(ii) It emphasised on the concept of government by consent.
(iii) It stood for the end of autocracy and clerical privileges.
(iv) It believed in a constitution and representative government through Parliament.
(v) It emphasised the inviolability of private property.

Question. Examine the conditions of Italy before unification.
Answer : Conditions of Italy before unification:
(i) The greatest problem in the unification of Italy was its fragmentation into several political units, each under a different authority.
(ii) Italians were scattered over several dynastic states as well as the multinational Habsburg Empire.
(iii) During the middle of the 19th century, Italy was divided into seven states.
(iv) Out of seven, only one Sardinia-Piedmont was ruled by an Italian princely house.
(v) The north was under Austrian Habsburgs.
(vi) The centre was ruled by the Pope.
(vii) Southern regions were under the Bourbon kings of Spain.
(viii) The Italian language had not acquired one common form. It still had many regional and local variations.

Question. How did a wave of economic nationalism strengthen the wider nationalist sentiment growing in Europe? Explain.
Answer : Economic nationalism strengthened the wider nationalist sentiment. Economically, liberalism stood for
(i) Freedom of markets.
(ii) End of state -imposed restrictions on the movement of goods and capital.
(iii) A customs union or Zollverein was formed by Prussia in 1834, which many German states joined.
(iv) This union reduced the number of currencies from over thirty to two and abolished tariff barriers.
(v) A network of railways led to great mobility and gave an impetus to national unity.

Question. What were the political, social and economic ideas supported by the liberals in Europe ?
Answer : The political, social and economic ideas supported by the liberals were as follows:
(i) Politically, they demanded constitutionalism with national unification, a nation-state with a written constitution and parliamentary administration.
(ii) Socially, they wanted universal suffrage as right to vote and right to get elected were restricted to property-owning men. Serfdom and bonded labour had to be abolished.
(iii) Economically, they demanded freedom of markets and right to property, besides the abolition of state-imposed restrictions on the movements of goods and capital.

Question. Who was Cavour ? Explain his contributions to the unification of Italy.
OR
Write a note on Count Camillo de Cavour.
Answer : Cavour was the Chief Minister of Sardinia-Piedmont. His contribution to the unification of Italy was:
(i) He was neither a revolutionary nor a democrat. He was a good administrator.
(ii) He worked for the unification of Italy. Through a tactful diplomatic alliance with France.
(iii) He led the movement to unify the regions of Italy.
(iv) He was a tactful diplomat. He succeeded in defeating the Austrian forces in 1859.

Question. How did nationalism develop through culture in Europe? Explain.
Answer : Nationalism developed through culture in Europe in the following ways:
(i) Culture played an important role in creating the idea of the nation. Art, poetry, stories and music helped to express and shape nationalist feelings.
(ii) Romanticism, a cultural movement, sought to develop a particular form of nationalist sentiment. Romantic artists and poets generally criticized the glorification of reason and science and focused, instead, on emotions, intuition and mystical feelings.
(iii) German philosopher Johann Gottfried Herder claimed that true German culture was to be discovered among the common people- das volk. It was through folk songs, folk poetry and folk dances that the true spirit of a nation was popularized.
(iv) The emphasis on vernacular language and the collection of local folklore was used to carry the modern nationalist message to large audiences who were mostly illiterates.

Question. How did the Balkan issue become one of the major factors responsible for the First World War?
Answer : (i) The spread of the ideas of romantic nationalism in the Balkans together with the disintegration of the Ottoman Empire made this region very explosive.
(ii) The Balkan area became an area of intense conflict as different Slavic nationalities struggled for their independence.
(iii) It became the source of big power rivalry among the European powers over trade, colonies and military might. 

Question. What changes came in nationalism in Europe after 1848 ? Who was the architect of this process? How was it practised ?
Answer : (i) Europe moved away from its association with democracy and revolution and related more to monarchy and conservatism.
(ii) The conservatives mobilised the sentiments of the people in order to achieve political domination.
(iii) Otto von Bismarck was the architect of this process.
(iv) It was backed by the army and bureaucracy.

Question. Explain the role of language in developing the national sentiments in Europe.
Answer : Language played an important role in developing the nationalist sentiments in Europe.
(i) When Russia occupied Poland, the Polish language was banned and it was replaced by the Russian language.
(ii) Many members of the clergy in Poland began to use language as a weapon of national resistance.
(iii) The use of Polish came to be seen as a symbol of the struggle against the Russian dominance.

Question. “The decade of 1830 had brought great economic hardship in Europe.” Support the statement with arguments.
OR
Why the 1830s were the years of great economic hardship in Europe ? Give three reasons.
OR
Describe any three economic hardship faced by Europe in 1830s.
Answer : (i) There was an enormous increase in population all over Europe.
(ii) There were more job seekers than the employment opportunities. Migration of rural people to the cities further made the situation worse.
(iii) Small scale producers in towns sometimes faced with stiff competition from imports of cheap machine-made goods from England.

Long Answer Type Question

Question. Explain the Greek War of Independence
Answer : Greece had been part of the Ottoman Empire since the fifteenth century.
The growth of revolutionary nationalism in Europe sparked off a struggle for independence amongst the Greeks which began in 1821.
Nationalists in Greece got support from other Greeks living in exile and also from many West Europeans who had sympathies for ancient Greek culture. Poets and artists lauded Greece as the cradle of European civilisation and mobilised public opinion to support its struggle against a Muslim empire.
The English poet Lord Byron organised funds and later went to fight in the war, where he died of fever in 1824. Finally, the Treaty of Constantinople of 1832 recognised Greece as an independent nation.

Question. What is Zollverein ?
Answer : Napoleon‘s administrative measures had created out of countless small principalities a confederation of 39 states. Each of these possessed its own currency, and weights and measures.
A merchant travelling in 1833 from Hamburg to Nuremberg to sell his goods would have had to pass through 11 customs barriers and pay a customs duty of about 5 per cent at each one of them.
Duties were often levied according to the weight or measurement of the goods.
In 1834, a customs union or zollverein was formed at the initiative of Prussia and joined by most of the German states.
The union abolished tariff barriers and reduced the number of currencies from over thirty to two. The creation of a network of railways further stimulated mobility, harnessing economic interests to national unification.

Question. July Revolution Duke Metternich “ When France Sneezes rest of the Europe Catches Cold “
Answer : Liberalism and nationalism came to be increasingly associated with revolution in many regions of Europe such as the Italian and German states, the provinces of the Ottoman Empire, Ireland and Poland.
These revolutions were led by the liberal-nationalists belonging to the educated middle-class elite, among whom were professors, schoolteachers, clerks and members of the commercial middle classes. The first upheaval took place in France in July 1830.
The Bourbon kings who had been restored to power during the conservative reaction after 1815, were now overthrown by liberal revolutionaries who installed a constitutional monarchy with Louis Philippe at its head.
‘When France sneezes,‘ Metternich once remarked, ‘the rest of Europe catches cold.‘ The July Revolution sparked an uprising in Brussels which led to Belgium breaking away from the United Kingdom of the Netherlands.

Question. What is the difference between Modern State and a Nation State?
Answer : The concept and practices of a modern state, in which a centralized power exercised sovereign control over a clearly defined territory, had been developing over a long period of time in Europe. But a nation-state was one in which the majority of its citizens, and not only its rulers, came to develop a sense of common identity and shared history or descent.

Question. Explain the Nationalist tensions in Balkans.
Answer : 1. Ethnic variation
The Balkans was a region of geographical and ethnic variation comprising modern-day Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Greece, Macedonia,
Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Slovenia, Serbia and Montenegro whose inhabitants were broadly known as the Slavs
2. Disintegration of Ottoman Empire
A large part of the Balkans was under the control of the Ottoman Empire. The spread of the ideas of romantic nationalism in the Balkans
Together with the disintegration of the Ottoman Empire made this region very explosive
3. Subjugation
The Balkan peoples based their claims for independence or political rights on nationality and used history to prove that they had once been Independent but had subsequently been subjugated by foreign powers
4. Mutual jealousy
The Balkan states were fiercely jealous of each other and each hoped to gain more territory at the expense of the others. Matters were further complicated because the Balkans also became the scene of big power rivalry.

Question. Explain the Civil Code cf 1804 or The Napoleonic Code.
Answer : The Civil Code of 1804 – usually known as the Napoleonic Code – did away with all privileges based on birth, established equality before the law and secured the right to property.
This Code was exported to the regions under French control.
In the Dutch Republic, in Switzerland, in Italy and Germany, Napoleon simplified administrative divisions, abolished the feudal system and freed peasants from serfdom and manorial dues.
In the towns too, guild restrictions were removed. Transport and communication systems were improved.
Peasants, artisans, workers and new businessmen enjoyed a new-found freedom.
Businessmen and small-scale producers of goods, in particular, began to realize that uniform laws, standardized weights and measures, and a common national currency.

Question. How did nationalism and the idea of nation-state emerge ? Describe.
Answer : (i) Nationalism and the idea of the nation-state emerged within the culturally and regionally diverse groups of Europe.
(ii) Due to industrialisation and transformation of society, there emerged a middle-class consisting of businessmen, working professionals, industrialists, labourers and working-class people.
(iii) Industrialisation began in England in the second half of the 18th century but in France and German states, it occurred only during the 19th century. In its wake, new social groups came into being.
(iv) Out of these, the educated middle-class people thought of uniting the culturally compatible sections of people in Europe by abolishing the privileges enjoyed by the aristocracy.
(v) It was among the educated liberal middle class that the ideas of national unity and abolition of aristocratic privileges gained popularity.
(vi) This led to nationalism and emergence of idea of the nation- state.

Question. How did culture play an important role in Europe in creating the idea of the nation ?
Answer : Culture played an important role in creating the idea of a nation because of the following reasons:
(i) Art, poetry, stories and music helped in shaping nationalist feelings in Europe.
(ii) Romanticism was a cultural movement which played a role in this context. Romantic poets and artists were critical of reason and science.
(iii) A sense of shared collective heritage was developed.
(iv) Folk dance, folk poetry and songs were considered the true expression of the spirit of the nation.
(v) Speaking in the vernacular language was another expression of nationalism.

Question. Explain the conditions that were viewed as obstacles to the economic exchange and growth by the new commercial classes during the nineteenth century in Europe.
Answer : The following conditions that were viewed as obstacles to the economic exchange and growth by the new commercial classes during the nineteenth century in Europe:
(i) The absence of freedom of markets.
(ii) State-imposed restrictions on the movement of goods and capital.
(iii) Time-consuming calculations resulting from the difference in currency, weight and measurement.
(iv) The first half of the 19th century had low explosive population growth.
(v) Job seekers were more and employment opportunities were less.
(vi) Small producers faced stiff competition from the import of cheap machine-made goods.
(vii) Peasants struggled under the burden of feudal dues. 

Question. Explain the 1848 revolution of the liberals. What were the political, social and economic ideas supported by the liberals?
Answer : The 1848 revolution of the liberals :
(i) The 1848 revolution was led by the educated middle class along with the poor, unemployed starving peasants and workers in many European countries. They demanded constitutionalism and national unification.
(ii) Political ideas: In German regions, a large number of political associations whose members were middle-class professionals, businessmen and prosperous artisans came together in the city of Frankfurt and decided to vote for an all German National Assembly.
(iii) Social ideas: A large number of women had participated actively and formed their own political associations and founded a newspaper. They also took part in political meetings and struggled for the right to vote.
(iv) Economic ideas: Liberals struggled for the abolition of serfdom and bonded labour and wanted freedom of the market.
(v) Though conservative forces were able to suppress liberal movements in 1848, they could not restore the old order. Thus, the practice of serfdom and bonded labour was abolished.

Question. Describe the process of unification of Italy.
Answer : Unification of Italy:
(i) During the middle of the 19th century, Italy was
divided into seven states of which only one, Sardinia- Piedmont, was ruled by an Italian princely house.
(ii) The unification process was led by three revolutionaries—Giuseppe Mazzini, Count Camillo de Cavour, and Giuseppe Garibaldi During 1830, Mazzini decided to unite Italy. He had formed a secret society ‘Young Italy’ to achieve his goal.
(iii) After earlier failures in 1831 and 1848, King Victor Emmanuel II took to unify the Italian states through wars.
(v) Under the leadership of Garibaldi armed volunteers marched into South Italy in 1860 and the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies and succeeded in winning the support of the local peasants in order to drive out the Spanish rulers.
(vi) In 1861, Victor Emmanuel II was proclaimed king of united Italy.

Question. Briefly trace the geographical and ethnic variations of Balkan region. Why did this region become politically very explosive ?
OR
What is meant by Balkans? Why did it turn into a perennial source of tension and proved the battlefield of the First World War?
OR
How did the disintegration of the Ottoman Empire make Balkan region very explosive? Explain.
OR
Why did the Balkan region of Eastern Europe present the most serious source of nationalist tension in Europe ? Explain any five reasons.
Answer : (i) The Balkans was a region of geographical and ethnic variation comprising of modern-day Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Greece, Macedonia, Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Slovenia, Serbia and Montenegro, and its inhabitants were broadly called Slavs.
(ii) A large part of Balkans was under the control of the Ottoman Empire while some other parts were under the control of Russia and Austria causing a complex problem.
(iii) The spread of the ideas of Romantic nationalism in the Balkans together with the disintegration of the Ottoman Empire made the region very explosive.
(iv) The Balkan people based their claim for independence or political rights on nationality and desired to win back their long lost freedom.
(v) The Balkans also became the scene of big power rivalry over trade and colonies as well as naval and military might. Each power—Russia, Germany, England, and Austria-Hungary— was keen on countering the hold of other powers over the Balkans, and extending its own control over the area, which culminated in the First World War.

Question. With reference to Scotland and Ireland, explain how British nationalism grew at the cost of other cultures.
Answer : (i) Through the Act of Union (1707), England was able to impose its influence on Scotland.
(ii) The growth of British identity in parliament suppressed the distinctive culture of Scotland.
(iii) The Catholic clans that inhibited the Scottish Highland suffered repression.
(iv) They were forcibly driven out of their homeland.
(v) Ireland was also divided between Catholics and Protestants.
(vi) Ireland was forcibly incorporated in the UK.

Question. Describe the explosive conditions that prevailed in Balkans after 1871 in Europe.
Answer : Explosive condition of Balkans in 1871:
The Balkans was a region of geographical and ethnic variation comprising modern days Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Greece and Macedonia whose inhabitants were broadly known as Slavs. A large part of Balkans was under the control of the Ottoman Empire. The spread of ideas of Romantic nationalism in the Balkans together with the disintegration of the Ottoman Empire made this region explosive. All throughout the 19th century, the Ottoman Empire had sought to strengthen itself. The Balkan people based their claims for independence or political rights on nationality and used history for their claim. Balkans also became the scene of rivalry among big powers.

Question. “The first clear expression of nationalism came with the French Revolution in 1789.” Explain the meaning of nationalism and throw light on the statement.
Answer : Nationalism is a feeling of people within a state territory, which makes them develop a sense of collective identity and share history or descent. This feeling works as a binding force among people.
Before 1789, France was under absolute monarchy. With French Revolution, Monarchy was thrown out and a sovereign body of French citizens was established.
This revolution made France the nation-state and made many political and constitutional changes like :
(i) A new French flag was adopted to replace former royal standard.
(ii) The Estates General renamed as General Assembly, became an elected body.
(iii) Centralised administration and uniform civil laws were made for citizens.
(iv) Uniform weighing and measurement system was adopted.
(v) French became the national language of France.
All these changes gives a clear expression of collectivism and gave people true power to shape the destiny of France. Thus, France became a nation-state and world got a clear expression of nationalism through the French Revolution.

Question. What happened during the year following 1815 when the fear of repression drove many liberal-nationalists underground? Explain.
Answer : (i) Secret societies sprang up in many European states to train revolutionaries and spread their ideas.
(ii) To be revolutionary at this time meant a commitment to oppose monarchical forms that had been established after the Vienna Congress, and to fight for liberty and freedom.
(iii) Most of these revolutionaries also saw the creation of nation-states as a necessary part of this struggle for freedom. One such individual was the Italian revolutionary Giuseppe Mazzini.
(iv) He subsequently founded two more underground societies, first, Young Italy in Marseilles, and then, Young Europe in Berne, whose members were like- minded young men from Poland, France, Italy and the German states.
(v) Mazzini believed that God had intended nations to be the natural units of mankind. So, Italy could not continue to be a patchwork of small states and kingdoms. It had to be forged into a single unified republic within a wider alliance of nations.
(vi) This unification alone could be the basis of Italian liberty. Following his model, secret societies were set up in Germany, France, Switzerland and Poland.
(vii) Mazzini‘s relentless opposition to monarchy and his vision of democratic republics frightened the conservatives. Metternich described him as ‘the most dangerous enemy of our social order’.

Question. Describe the process of unification of Britain.
OR
How was the history of nationalism in Britain unlike the rest of Europe?
Answer : Unification of Britain:
(i) Britain was not a nation state prior to 18th century. The primary identities were based on ethnicities such as English, Welsh, Scot or Irish.
(ii) The steady growth of power made the English nation extend its influence over the other nations and islands.
(iii) In 1688, England was established as a nation state. English parliament seized power from the monarchy.
(iv) In 1707, the United Kingdom of Great Britain formed with the Act of the Union between England and Scotland.
(v) England dominated Scotland and Ireland in all spheres. British parliament was dominated by English members.
(vi) Ireland was forcibly taken by the British after the failed revolution led by Wolfe and his United Irishmen (1798). A new “British nation” was formed.

Question. Why were the years of 1830s of great hardship in Europe ? Explain any five reasons.
Answer : The decade of 1830 had brought great economic hardship or crisis in Europe due to the following reasons:
(i) There was an enormous increase in population all over Europe.
(ii) There were more job seekers than the employment opportunities. Migration of rural people to the cities further made the situation worse.
(iii) Small scale producers in towns sometimes faced with stiff competition from imports of cheap machine-made goods from England.
(iv) In the regions of Europe where the aristocracy still enjoyed power, peasants struggled under the burden of feudal dues and obligations.
(v) Due to increased population, the demand for food increased. It led to the rise in food prices. This led to an increase in the prices and there was widespread pauperism in the entire country.

Question. What did Liberal Nationalism stand for?
Answer : The term ‘liberalism‘ derives from the Latin root liber, meaning free. For the new middle classes liberalism stood for freedom for the individual and equality of all before the law. Politically, it emphasised the concept of government by consent.
Since the French Revolution, liberalism had stood for the end of
autocracy and clerical privileges, a constitution and representative government through parliament.
liberalism stood for the freedom of markets and the abolition of state-imposed restrictions on the movement of goods and capital.

Question. Explain Unification of Germany
Answer : Frankfurt parliament-
In the German regions a large number of political associations whose members were middle-class professionals, businessmen and prosperous artisans came together in the city of Frankfurt and decided to vote for an all-German National Assembly.
On 18 May 1848, 831 elected representatives marched in a festive procession to take their places in the Frankfurt parliament convened in the Church of St Paul.
They drafted a constitution for a German nation to beheaded by a monarchy subject to a parliament.
When the deputies offered the crown on these terms to Friedrich Wilhelm IV, King of Prussia, he rejected it and joined other monarchs to oppose the elected assembly.
While the opposition of the aristocracy and military became stronger, the social basis of parliament eroded.
The parliament was dominated by the middle classes who resisted the demands of workers and artisans and consequently lost their support. In the end troops were called in and the assembly was forced to disband.
Failure of Frankfurt parliament large numbers of women had participated actively over the years.
Women had formed their own political associations, founded newspapers and taken part in political meetings and demonstrations.
Despite this they were Denied suffrage rights during the election of the Assembly. When the Frankfurt parliament convened in the Church of St Paul, women were admitted only as observers to stand in the visitors‘ gallery.

Question. What are the main features of Conservatism?
Answer : Following the defeat of Napoleon in 1815, European governments were driven by a spirit of conservatism. Conservatives believed that established, traditional institutions of state and society – like the monarchy, the Church, social hierarchies, property and the family – should be preserved. Most conservatives, however, did not propose a return to the society of pre- revolutionary days.
Rather, they realized, from the changes initiated by Napoleon, that modernisation could in fact strengthen traditional institutions like the monarchy.
It could make state power more effective and strong. A modern army, an efficient bureaucracy, a dynamic economy, the abolition of feudalism and serfdom could strengthen the autocratic monarchies of Europe.

Question. Explain the role of Ottovon Bismark.
Answer : This liberal initiative to nation-building was, however, repressed by the combined forces of the monarchy and the military, supported by the large landowners (called Junkers) of Prussia. From then on, Prussia took on the leadership of the movement for national unification. Its chief minister, Otto von Bismarck, was the architect of this process carried out with the help of the Prussian army and bureaucracy. Three wars over seven years – with Austria,
Denmark and France – ended in Prussian victory and completed the process of unification. In January 1871, the Prussian king, William I, was proclaimed German Emperor in a ceremony held at Versailles

Question. Why was Giuseppe Mazzini “ most dangerous dnemy of Social Order“
Answer : Giuseppe Mazzini ,Born in Genoa in 1807, he became a member of the secret society of the Carbonari. As a young man of 24, he was sent into exile in 1831 for attempting a revolution in Liguria.
He subsequently founded two more underground societies, first, Young Italy in Marseilles, and then, Young Europe in Berne, whose members were like- minded young men from Poland, France,
Italy and the German states. Mazzini believed that God had intended nations to be the natural units of mankind. So Italy could not continue to be a patchwork of small states and kingdoms. It had to be forged into a single unified republic.

Question. What measures did The French Revolutionaries take to create a sense of creating a collective Identity?
Answer : • The ideas of la patrie (the fatherland) and le citoyen (the citizen) emphasized the notion of a united community enjoying equal rights under a constitution.
• A new French flag, the tricolour, was chosen to replace the former royal standard.
• Estates General was elected by the body of active citizens and renamed the National Assembly.
• New hymns were composed, oaths taken and martyrs commemorated, all in the name of the nation.
• A centralised administrative system was put in place and it formulated uniform laws for all citizens within its territory.
• Internal customs duties and dues were abolished and a uniform system of weights and measures was adopted.
• Regional dialects were discouraged and French, as it was spoken and written in Paris, became the common language of the nation.

Question. Explain Unification of Italy.
Answer : Like Germany, Italy too had a long history of political fragmentation. Italians were scattered over several dynastic states as well as the multi-national Habsburg Empire. During the middle of the nineteenth century, Italy was divided into seven states, of which only one, Sardinia- Piedmont, was ruled by an Italian princely house.
Role of Giuseppe Mazzini
Giuseppe Mazzini ,Born in Genoa in 1807, he became a member of the secret society of the Carbonari.
As a young man of 24, he was sent into exile in 1831 for attempting a revolution in Liguria. He subsequently founded two more underground societies, first, Young Italy in Marseilles, and then, Young Europe in Berne, whose members were like- minded young men from Poland, France ,Italy and the German states.
Mazzini believed that God had intended nations to be the natural units of mankind. So Italy could not continue to be a patchwork of small states and kingdoms. It had to be forged into a single unified republic.
Role of Cavour
Chief Minister Cavour who led the movement to unify the regions of Italy was neither a revolutionary nor a democrat.
Like many other wealthy and educated members of the Italian elite, he spoke French much better than he did Italian.
Through a tactful diplomatic alliance with France engineered by Cavour, Sardinia-Piedmont succeeded in defeating the Austrian forces in 1859.
Role of Giuseppe Garibaldi
Apart from regular troops, a large number of armed volunteers under the leadership of Giuseppe Garibaldi joined the fray.
In 1860, they marched into South Italy and the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies and succeeded in winning the support of the local peasants in order to drive out the Spanish rulers. In 1861 Victor Emmanuel II was proclaimed king of united Italy.

Question. What were the main agreements af The Treaty of Vienna?
Answer : In 1815, representatives of the European powers – Britain, Russia, Prussia and Austria – who had collectively defeated Napoleon, met at Vienna to draw up a settlement for Europe.
The Congress was hosted by the Austrian Chancellor
Duke Metternich. The delegates drew up the Treaty of Vienna of 1815 with the object of undoing most of the changes that had come about in Europe during the Napoleonic wars.
The Bourbon dynasty, which had been deposed during the French Revolution, was restored to power, and France lost the territories it had annexed under Napoleon.
A series of states were set up on the boundaries of France to prevent French expansion in future.
Thus the kingdom of the Netherlands, which included Belgium, was set up in the north and Genoa was added to Piedmont in the south.
Prussia was given important new territories on its western frontiers, while Austria was given control of northern Italy.

Question. Write a short note on The Emergence of Middle Class.
Answer : Socially and politically, a landed aristocracy was the dominant class on the continent.
The members of this class were united by a common way of life that
cut across regional divisions. They owned estates in the countryside and also town-houses.
They spoke French for purposes of diplomacy and in high society.
Their families were often connected by ties of marriage.
This powerful aristocracy was, however, numerically a small group.